Research progress on visual impairment and optic nerve regeneration in zebrafish / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#Zebrafish has become a popular model for the study of ocular degenerative diseases due to its similarity with human visual system and its great potential of retinal regeneration. The degenerative diseases, especially retinal degeneration and optic nerve degeneration, can seriously affect visual acuity, also the regeneration and repair are very limited, which can lead to blindness in severe cases. In contrast to mammals, zebrafish can repair optic nerve axon damage and stimulate retinal Müller glial cells to differentiate into multifunctional progenitor cells, thereby, regenerating retinal neurons and nerve axons and restoring normal visual function. This review focuses on the application of zebrafish model in eye diseases and the key signaling pathways of zebrafish retinal neurons and Müller glial cells to initiate regeneration and repair in response to injury.

Protective Mechanism of Icariin on Nephrotic Syndrome Rats Based on RhoA/ROCK Pathway / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To study the effect of icariin on renin homologous protein A (RhoA)/Rho-related kinase (ROCK) pathway in rats with nephrotic syndrome (NS) and its protective mechanism. Method:Totally 54 clean-grade male SD rats were tested and randomly divided into normal group, model group, RhoA inhibitor group (Rhosin, 40 mg·kg-1·d-1) and three doses of icariin groups (low, medium and high corresponding dose， 30, 60, 120 mg·kg-1·d-1). Adriamycin hydrochloride 6.5 mg·kg-1 was given in tail vein of rats to induce NS model in rats. After the model was established, peritoneal administration was carried out. The normal group and the model group were given saline 2.5 mL·d-1, and the inhibitor group and all of dose groups were given corresponding doses of Rhosin and icariin for intervention. Total urinary protein (Alb), creatinine (Cre), total urinary protein/creatinine ratio (A/C) kit were detected in rats, ultrastructure of kidney was identified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Real-time PCR) and Western blot were used to detect the mRNA and proteins expressions of RhoA, ROCK1, ROCK2. Result:TEM showed that the basement membrane was intact and the foot process was regular in the normal group, in model group, basement membrane was damaged seriously, foot process disappeared, and fusion was serious, in the low-dose group, the basement membrane injury was alleviated, the number and density of foot process were improved, and the fusion was obvious， in the middle-dose group and the inhibitor group, the basement membrane thickening was alleviated, and the foot process was slightly fused, in the high-dose group, the basement membrane structure was more complete, and podocytes were longer and arranged tightly. Compared with the normal group, the levels of Alb, Cre and A/C in urine, and RhoA, ROCK1 and ROCK2 mRNA and protein expressions in kidney tissue of rats of the model group were significantly higher (P<0.05). Compared with model group, the levels of Alb, A/C in urine and RhoA, ROCK1, ROCK2 mRNA and protein expressions in kidney tissue in the inhibitor group and low, medium and high-dose groups, and Cre in urine in inhibitor group and high-dose group decreased significantly (P<0.05). Compared with the inhibitor group, the levels of Alb, Cre in urine and RhoA protein in kidney tissue in the high-dose group were significantly decreased (P<0.05), the levels of Alb, Cre, A/C in urine and RhoA, ROCK1, ROCK2 mRNA and protein expressions in kidney tissue of the low-dose group, and the levels of RhoA, ROCK1 and ROCK2 mRNA expressions in kidney tissue of the middle-dose group were significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with the low-dose group, the levels of Alb, A/C in urine, and RhoA, ROCK1, ROCK2 mRNA and protein expressions in kidney tissue in the middle and high-dose groups, Cre in urine of the high-dose group were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with the middle-dose group, the levels of Alb, Cre in urine, and RhoA, ROCK1, ROCK2 mRNA and protein expressions, ROCK2 mRNA expression in kidney tissue in the high-dose group were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Conclusion:Icariin may protect glomerular endothelium and podocyte by affecting RhoA/ROCK pathway in the treatment of NS rats.

Molecular characterization of full-length genome of Japanese encephalitis virus genotype V isolated from Tibet, China / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the molecular characterization of full-length genome of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) genotype V.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The full-length nucleotide sequences of JEV strains isolated from different locations and sources were used in sequence and phylogenetic analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The full-length genome of genotypes V JEV, XZ0934, and Muar strain were composed of 10 983 and 10 988 nucleotides respectively and shared a lower level of identity with JEV genotypes I-IV, ranging from 78.4% (G I, KV1899) to 79.7% (G III, JaGAr01), for the nucleotide sequences, and from 90.0% (G I, KV1899) to 91.8% (G III, JaGAr01) for the amino acid sequences. The open reading frame (ORF) of JEV genotype V spanned nucleotides 96 to 10 397 and encoded 3 433 amino acids. Interestingly, a comparison with JEV genotype I-IV revealed that 3 nucleotides (encoded with a serine residue) were inserted in the NS4A gene of JEV genotype V, and the insertion of nucleotides was also found in downstream of the ORF stop codon in 3'-untranslated region. Moreover, numerous amino acid mutations were observed in 3 functional domains of the E gene of JEV genotype V.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The molecular characterization of JEV genotype V is significantly different from that of the known genotypes I-IV. The mutations located in the coding region and the non-coding region may be molecular markers of JEV genotype V and warrant further studies to determine their effects on biology and immunogenicity of genotype V strains.</p>

Rapid identification of Beijing measles vaccine virus and wild virus by multiplex real-time fluorescent PCR / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To identify wild measles virus and vaccine virus by detection nucleic acid of clinical samples from measles patients with immunization history circulating in Beijing through multiplex real-time fluorescent PCR technology.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From July 2011 to February 2012, 10 throat swabs and 15 urine specimens were collected from 16 suspected measles patients who were 8 - 9 months old infants with immunization history in Beijing. The specificity of multiplex real-time fluorescent PCR was firstly tested by measles vaccine virus, wild virus and other respiratory virus. Then the vaccine virus and wild virus were titrated and diluted to test the sensitivity of the PCR method. The result was then compared with it analyzed by PCR-RFLP method. Meanwhile, the clinical sample of the measles patients were tested and confirmed by sequencing method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The primer-probe sets of Fam, Joe and Cy5 showed great specificity of measles virus, and could distinguish the measles vaccine virus and wild virus well. The sensitivity of this method to detect measles vaccine virus reached 0.1 CCID(50)/0.1 ml; and the sensitivity to wild virus reached 0.006 CCID(50)/0.1 ml; which were both higher than the sensitivity of PCR-RFLP method. Out of the 16 measles patients with vaccination history, 3 were negative and the other 13 all belonged to measles virus genotype A, and were confirmed to be vaccine virus by sequencing method.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Multiplex real-time PCR method is accurate, rapid and sensitive to identify measles vaccine virus and wild virus. The method could greatly help us to find measles patients and to identify the vaccine-related cases.</p>

Study on the Fast Testing Strategy for identifying the wild poliovirus Ⅰ / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To explore the Fast Testing Sstrategy (FTS) for wild poliovirus Ⅰ (WP1).Methods Epidemiological investigations were carried out on 671 students from WP1 epidemic areas in China.A set of real time RT-PCR assays,including panenterovirus testings (PE) assay,poliovirus serotypings(PS) assay and the assay distinguishing wild strain from vaccine strain of poliovirus Ⅰ (DWV) were introduced into the screening program for WPV1 to replace the conventional RT-PCR,recommended by the China National Polio Laboratory (GNPL).Additionally,sensitivities of all the assays were assessed by poliovirus type Ⅰ to Ⅲ (Sabin stain) and the isolated WPV I.Results ( 1 ) 33 non-poliovirus enterovirus (NPEV) cases were detected,with 16 polio vaccinerelated cases including 5 polio Ⅰ,1 polio Ⅱ,3 polio Ⅲ,1 polio Ⅰ +Ⅱ,4 polio Ⅰ + Ⅲ and 2 polio Ⅰ + Ⅱ + Ⅲ.Three WPV 1 cases were also detected in this study and confirmed by GNPL.(2) For polio virus vaccine strain,sensitivities of the set of real time RT-PCR assays ranged from 1 to 100 times than that of the in-housc RT-PCR assay.The sensitivities of PE and PS assays for the detection of polio Ⅱ were 100 times than that of the RT-PCR assay and the sensitivity of DWV assay used for the detection of polio Ⅰ were 10 times than that of the RT-PCR assay.For WPV1,the sensitivity of three real time RT-PCR was 10 times higher than that of the RT-PCR assay.Conclusion The novel FTS for WPV I suggested by this study would include PE,PS and DWV.It not only could greatly shorten the testing time but also more sensitive than the RT-PCR and suited for emergency detection for WPV1.

Genotype I Japanese encephalitis virus is the main genotype in mosquito in Fujian province / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To grasp the infection rate and genotypes of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in mosquito in Fujian province.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Mosquito specimens in Sanming city, Jianyang city and Fuzhou city in Fujian province were collected in 2010. RT-PCR was used to detect the JEV sequence from the mosquitoes by specific primers. The sequence splicing and the differentiation analysis for nucleotides, deduced amino acid sequence and phylogenetic tree were performed by the software of ATGC, Clustal X (1.83), MegAlign, GeneDoc 3.2 and Mega (4.0).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Totally 6987 mosquitoes were collected and main species was Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Anopheles sinensis. The infection rate of JEV in mosquitoes in Sanming, Jianyang and Fuzhou were 1.25%, 1.76% and 0.65%, respectively. One full genome in the positive specimens was sequenced. And further study showed that the positive JEV sequences belonged to genotype I.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Genotype I Japanese encephalitis virus is the main genotype in mosquitos in Fujian province.</p>

The postoperative treatment of heart transplantation / 中国基层医药

Objective To discuss the treatment after orthotopic heart transplantation and the experiences in deal- ing with ins complications.Methods To summarize the postoperative monitoring and management of 9 cases of patients af- ter heart transplantation.Results All 9 cases got out of hospital after recovery with better postoperative cardiac function and life quality.Among of them acute rejection appeared in 1 case earlier and 2 cases later after operation.1 case died later and 1 case had acute renal failure earlier after operation.Conclusion The effective monitoring for immunity and the scientific use of immunosuppressive agents after orthotopie heart transplantation,the active prevention and treannent of complications and its consanguineous follow-up are key factors for improving the survival rate.